The year so far has been filled with news of Spectre and Meltdown. These exploits take advantage of features like speculative execution, and memory access timing. What they have in common is the fact ...

In a computer, the entire memory can be separated into different levels based on access time and capacity. Figure 1 shows different levels in the memory hierarchy. Smaller and faster memories are kept ...

DRAM chips often lack the performance that embedded systems require. Also, SRAM takes up too much space and is too expensive for any application using over 1 Mbyte of memory. But designers have ...