class of logical terms. In the case of syllogistic logic, the logical terms include only the following: ‘all’, ‘some’, ‘no’, ‘n ’, and ‘is/are’. In the case of sentential logic, the logical terms include only …

“Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc”: “After this, therefore because of this.” This fallacy assumes a caused-and-effect relationship between two events IN THE PAST which occurred closely to …

Logical truth: A sentence that is a logical consequence of any set of premises. That is, no matter what the premises may be, it is impossible for the conclusion to be false.

Consider the logical statement P ⇒ Q. Then the following three statements are often associated with it.

Logical Equivalences Concepts: • Define the concepts of tautology, contradiction, contingency, and logical equivalence. • Be familiar with the basic laws of logical equivalence.

9.6 Negation The logical complement of a proposition A is written not A or, for shorthand, ~A: Definition not (A:Prop) := A False. ! The intuition is that, if A is not true, then anything at all …

Logic is built on three basic, related, intuitive laws. Sometimes stated as “a thing is itself.” The Law of Identity states that if A is true, then A is true, or conversely, if A is false, then A is false. …